Narrative Essay - 1444 Words

Narrative Essays: To Tell a Story There are four types of essays: Exposition - gives information about various topics to the reader. Description - describes in detail characteristics and traits. Argument - convinces the reader by demonstrating the truth or falsity of a topic. Narrative - tells a story, usually from one person’s viewpoint. A narrative essay uses all the story elements - a beginning and ending, plot, characters, setting and climax - all coming together to complete the story. Essential Elements of Narrative Essays The focus of a narrative essay is the plot, which is told using enough details to build to a climax. Heres how: It is usually told chronologically. It usually has a purpose, which is usually†¦show more content†¦However, I have discovered that when reflecting on my childhood, it is not the trips that come to mind, instead there are details from everyday doings; a deck of cards, a silver bank or an ice cream flavor. One memory that comes to mind belongs to a day of no particular importance. It was late in the fall in Merced, California on the playground of my old elementary school; an overcast day with the wind blowing strong. I stood on the blacktop, pulling my hoodie over my ears. The wind was causing miniature tornados; we called them â€Å"dirt devils†, to swarm around me.† Christmas Cookies The second of the two narrative essay examples is an excerpt from â€Å"Christmas Cookies.† â€Å"Although I have grown up to be entirely inept at the art of cooking, as to make even the most wretched chef ridicule my sad baking attempts, my childhood would have indicated otherwise; I was always on the countertop next to my mother’s cooking bowl, adding and mixing ingredients that would doubtlessly create a delicious food. When I was younger, cooking came intrinsically with the holiday season, which made that time of year the prime occasion for me to unite with ounces and ounces of satin dark chocolate, various other messy and gooey ingredients, numerous cooking utensils, and the assistance of my mother to cook what would soon be an edible masterpiece. The most memorable of the holiday works ofShow MoreRelatednarrative essay1321 Words   |  6 PagesNarrative Essay A Brief Guide to Writing Narrative Essays Narrative writing tells a story. In essays the narrative writing could also be considered reflection or an exploration of the author s values told as a story. The author may remember his or her past, or a memorable person or event from that past, or even observe the present. When you re writing a narrative essay, loosen up. 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Linda Hasselstrom s A Peaceful Woman - 2044 Words

An Analysis of Sexual Harassment Through A Critique of Linda Hasselstrom’s â€Å"A Peaceful Woman Explains Why She Carries a Gun† In â€Å"A Peaceful Woman Explains Why She Carries a Gun† by Linda Hasselstrom, the author illustrates the difficulties women face in today’s society (354-358). Sadly, Hasselstrom writes about many times when men harassed her sexually, physically, and mentally (354). She describes one situation in which she and a friend were staying at a campground, sleeping fifteen feet away from two young men at an adjacent campsite (355). The men were drinking alcohol and discussing what they would do to the women after dark (Hasselstrom 355). Scared for their safety, the women approached the park rangers and described the scenario, but the park rangers excused the young men’s behavior, saying, â€Å"Don’t worry girls. They’re just kidding† (Hasselstrom 355). The park rangers demonstrated how insincerely men’s threats towards women are taken in our society. Also, Hasselstrom describes how other nearby campers were ignoring the men’s threat s as well (355). Therefore, since no one seemed to be concerned about their safety, Hasselstrom and her friend left their campsite and illegally proceeded to another place in the woods to camp (Hasselstrom 355). Hasselstrom also recounts another instance in which she approached several men who had littered beer bottles, and were going to the bathroom, on her property(357). Hasselstrom politely asked the men to stop what they were doing

The Crucible †Rivalries Exposed in Act Three Free Essays

string(27) " their point across first\." The play is centred on the witch trials that actually took place in Salem, Massachusetts during 1692 and 1693. Miller wrote about the event as an allegory for McCarthyism which occurred in the United States in the 1950s. McCarthyism was a time of great anti-communist suspicion in the late 1940s and 1950s. We will write a custom essay sample on The Crucible – Rivalries Exposed in Act Three or any similar topic only for you Order Now The key connections in the two occurrences were that many people were accused on little or no evidence and all of it was inconclusive.Also, characteristic was the hysteria in all the places where the problems struck. ‘The Crucible’, is structured around four main themes which are, hatred, feuding, revenge and conflict of authority. All these add equal twists in the play. Hatred is a strong theme throughout the Salem Witch Trials. The strictness of Puritan laws meant people were bound to break them, whether on purpose or by accident, and the strong religious views shared in Salem aroused suspicion for the most trivial of matters. As a result of this, feuding was inescapable.Petty rivalries caused many arguments in varying situations, and the resulting tense atmosphere in Salem resembled a rumbling volcano just waiting to erupt. The subsequent controversial court hearings would bring out the worst in some people and possibly the best in others. Before the play began many rivalries were already in existence. Adultery had been committed and aggressive disputes over land had occurred. Personality clashes and ancestral feuds had set families at loggerheads with one another.Consequently, when opportunities arose to make accusations, which could result in hangings, many villagers jumped at the chance with glee; thus setting up the third main theme of the play – revenge. The final main theme of ‘The Crucible’ is conflict of authority. In Salem, Massachusetts, the people had no official, outright ruler of their lands; so trials were bound to spark a dispute about authority. Salem’s folk had a reclusive leader of their Puritan church, the Reverend Parris. He called in the learned Reverend Hale to investigate the witchcraft accusations.There were many officials of the court as well, including Cheever and the overall judges of the court, Danforth and Hathorne. All these characters had their own reasons to think themselves the deserved rulers of Salem. With many wise people living in the village, you could be sure that lots of heated discussions about who should be leader would occur. In the play, many characters are revealed to the audience, but one character we are familiar with from the start, is the village’s church leader, Reverend Parris.The whole chain of events could have easily been avoided had he been prepared to take a bit of criticism from the villagers, but Reverend Parris was too paranoid to allow that. This is ironic because the more he tried to stop trouble from arising, the more it actually happened. His main fear was that people were trying to uproot him and make him lose his place in their society. He was insecure. This is shown throughout the play, for example, in Act Three he says: Parris {in a sweat}: â€Å"Excellency, you surely cannot think to let so vile a lie be spread in open court! This is an example of many different devices. The staging says he was ‘in a sweat’ because he was worried and this shows he was not a strong character. Also this comment is the first example of dramatic irony in Act Three. It was ironic because he was talking about Proctor lying, and Proctor wasn’t lying, however Parris was. This was also an exclamatory line. It was meant to persuade Danforth to believe Parris and not Proctor. This was the first of many dramatic techniques used to highlight Proctor’s and Parris’ rivalry. Its demonstration of Parris’ insecurity remains a key feature for the duration of the play.An insecure leader would not exhibit strength, allowing bolder characters to be able to affect his decisions concerning the community. It also means he was swayed by others opinions. He didn’t have a definite mind of his own because of his paranoia of being uprooted. Before the start of the play, a strong dispute between Reverend Parris and John Proctor already existed. Although the rivalry was a key part of the entire play, it was highlighted in Act Three, as I have already shown. It’s the first rivalry to be exposed in this act.The rivalry reached its peak when John Proctor was falsely accused of compacting with the devil and Reverend Parris was trying to condemn him. This caused consternation throughout the village since John Proctor was portrayed as, and regarded as, a very intelligent man throughout ‘The Crucible’. He realised that the people accusing citizens of Salem of witchcraft were the guiltiest of all. This was one device Miller often used in this play – dramatic irony. When John Proctor was forced to defend himself he was quick to turn the accusations upon Abigail Williams and Reverend Parris.As Parris was so bothered about the family’s good name, he could not let anything stand that might affect his reputation, and as Abigail was part of his family, he had to start defending her too. At this point in the play, both characters were trying to make the other look bad. A lot of facts were revealed to the court about both Proctor and Parris. As Proctor was being questioned about compacting with the devil, he was quick to point out that Parris had not mentioned the fact that he caught the girls dancing naked in the forest at the start of the play. Proctor [Taking it right up]: â€Å"Abigail leads the girls to the woods, Your Honour, and they have danced there naked -† Parris: â€Å"Your Honour, this -† Proctor [at once]: â€Å"Mr Parris discovered them himself in the dead of night! There’s the ‘child’ she is! † At this point in the play, Reverend Parris was forced to be very defensive. The fact that Proctor interrupted Parris showed how desperate each character was to get their point across first. You read "The Crucible – Rivalries Exposed in Act Three" in category "Papers" With the staging saying ‘[at once]’ it conveyed the fact that Proctor did not want Parris to be given the chance to speak.Also, Proctor was very impolite in saying ‘child’ in the way he did since this would certainly offend Abigail. In the same act, Proctor also admitted the strength of his hatred for Parris. Parris once again questioned him on his attendance and Proctor was very trut hful in his reply. The language Arthur Miller used at this point in the play revealed the degree of the mutual loathing and the putting of child in inverted commas showed Proctor’s disgust at the trust being invested in Abigail whom Parris regarded as ‘young’ and ‘innocent’. Parris: â€Å"Such a Christian that will not come to church but once in a month! † Danforth [restrained – he is curious]: â€Å"Not come to church? † Proctor: â€Å"I-I have no love for Mr. Parris. It is no secret. But God I surely love. † Parris was the first person to come out with an exclamatory line. He accused Proctor of not being a true Christian because of his poor attendance at church, but this only provoked Proctor to come back with an honest yet harsh reply, and he couldn’t be clearer in what he was saying.Even though throughout the play, their hatred for each other was made clear, this line was still key because it showed that Proctor was not afraid to admit, in court, that he did not like the clerical leader of Salem. I think this provides evidence that their rivalry was based on hatred. Proctor may have felt that Parris should rightfully be Salem’s church leader, but he did not agree with his policies and he did not believe he would be a good leader. Whilst their rivalry reached its peak in Act Three, their argument had, as noted, been ongoing throughout the play.For instance, in Act Two, as soon as Reverend Hale arrived, he was told to investigate the accused people’s household and it was clear that Parris was extremely quick to inform him that John Proctor attended church rarely compared to most. Proctor once again expressed his opinion in full and did not water it down. He was very truthful. Hale: â€Å"Good, then. [He makes himself a bit more comfortable. ] In the book of record that Mr. Parris keeps, I note that you are rarely in the church on Sabbath Day. † Proctor: â€Å"No, sir, you are mistaken. † Hale: â€Å"Twenty-six time in seventeen month, sir.I must call that rare. Will you tell me why you are absent? †¦. . † This instantly showed that Parris had asked Hale to enquire about Proctor’s lack of attendance at church. Later in the conversation Proctor gave his foremost reason. Hale: â€Å"Mr. Proctor, your house is not a church; surely your theology must tell you that. † Proctor: â€Å"It does, sir, it does; and it tells me that a Minister may pray to God without he have golden candlesticks upon the altar. † This made it clear why Proctor disagreed with Parris’ power, as he did not believe he was focussed on God. It was ironic that Proctor just wanted to simply praise the Puritan way, whereas, the Puritan Minister had controversial ideas that went against a key part of his faith of keeping things simplistic. This was again a use of dramatic irony – a technique continued throughout the play. It was not spoken dramatic irony but its effect was nonetheless profound. Not only did Proctor and Parris have a rivalry, but so to did Proctor and Parris’ niece, Abigail. This rivalry was also set-up before the play began. Before the beginning of the play Abigail and John Proctor had had an affair. This all happened whilst Proctor had a wife. We discover in the play that only Abigail, John Proctor and Elizabeth knew of the affair and Elizabeth had found it in her heart to forgive John for his wrong-doing. Although, John Proctor sincerely regretted the affair, there remained a complication in that Abigail still loved him. Abigail was blind to Proctor’s feelings; so she kept trying to rekindle their relationship, with no regard for Elizabeth. She wanted John for herself. Her desperation became so great that she stabbed herself in the stomach with a needle and tried to frame Elizabeth Proctor for witchcraft. She says: Abigail: â€Å"Goody Proctor always kept Poppets! †In reality, Abigail had planted the poppet on Elizabeth Proctor to try and get her arrested and hanged. This exclamatory line was aimed at the court, and said thus because it had a greater dramatic effect. No other information was given to lend focus to that single point. The court took this very seriously as Abigail, ironically, had become the most trusted person in all Salem and effectively directed the court proceedings. Returning to the important exclamatory line spoken, in Act Three, by Proctor regarding Parris and Abigail, his two biggest rivals: Proctor [at once]: â€Å"Mr. Parris discovered them himself in the dead of night!There’s the ‘child’ she is! † Proctor’s exclamation aimed an attack at Abigail by referring to her as a ‘child’. This language exposed Proctor and Abigail’s rivalry. He said this because children were seen as innocent and reliable and knew Abigail was regarded as such by most of Salem. The exclamatory line was intended to put in bad light Abigail’s pretence of child-like innocence as a mask for her manipulative behaviour. It also reflected badly upon Reverend Parris since he was part of the same family. ‘Child’ is put in inverted commas in the script to emphasize its pejorative use as the main point of his exclamation.Throughout the play, Proctor wanted Abigail to be exposed for the ‘whore’ she truly was. In doing this he was even willing to ruin the excellent reputation that he had in Salem. When he admits to having an affair with Abigail, he loses the people’s respect, because he is considered to have sinned within a Puritan community. But, as we see during the entire play, John is not afraid to address unpalatable truths. John Proctor also physically attacks Abigail in the court, unable to keep a level head when he sees the trouble her lies are causing. The staging says, [Without warning or hesitation, Proctor leaps at Abigail and, grabbing her by the hair, pulls her to her feet. She screams in pain]. . . . [and out of it all comes Proctors roaring voice. ] Proctor: â€Å"How do you call Heaven! Whore! Whore! † As we witness throughout the whole play, Proctor kept his temper well and for him to physically attack someone comes as a shock to the audience. It really shows how much he hated Abigail and how enraged she has managed to make him. His roaring voice shouts ‘Whore! Whore! ’ He is saying this because of their affair. It is in fact an accusation.Abigail actions seem to be motivated by a desire to seek revenge on John Proctor because he doesn’t love her. This is pathetic, for in doing this, she makes John Proctor’s feelings of loathing for her only the stronger. In the same act Proctor exclaims: â€Å"†¦She thinks to dance with me on my wife’s grave! †¦Ã¢â‚¬  He knows Abigail’s wish but does not agree with it and this exclamatory line lets everyone know he is against her. Abigail effectively takes the lead in making accusations although it is an unofficial role. She can accuse whoever she wants and the blind people of Salem are hooked on her every word.They never question her judgments or decisions until Proctor provokes Danforth to do so. Even then she avoids the question by quickly faking the sensing of a spirit, a device she frequently employs to get out of awkward situations; especially when Mary Warren finally stands up to her. But Mary is not at all confident in her accusations against Abigail. She has a really strong case, but as she doesn’t really want to accuse Abigail: aware of her strong character, she weakens and Proctor does more talking than Mary. Mary and Abigail’s is the shortest-lived rivalry. It actually only appears in Act Three and no other. Mary is acting as Proctor’s puppet and in the end the rivalry affects nobody except John Proctor who eventually is accused of compacting with the devil: Mary Warren [terrified, pleading]: â€Å"Abby! † Mary at this point is pleading. The staging shows she is terrified of Abigail. She is screaming Abigail’s name. It is not only the staging that shows Mary Warren’s fear but also the use of the exclamation mark. This reveals it is an exclamatory line and so adds to the tension because it is screamed. Act Three is a point in the play where Abigail has to be defensive.She does as she usually does and accuses Mary Warren of sending her spirit on the girls. You can see by the staging how fearful Mary is, not just of the court, but also of Abby. She screams Abby’s name, begging her not to accuse her and to stop lying, but Abigail’s character is too uncaring, too cruel, too persistent, too determined and too deeply committed to back out at this stage. She, Abigail, is such an amoral person, that she will see people hang rather than be told off for the dancing that occurs at the beginning of Act One. Another rivalry that centres on Act Three is that between Reverend Hale and Danforth.Throughout the Act, there is a clear conflict of authority. Reverend Hale, being a learned Church leader, knows Abigail is lying, and that the court is corrupt. We see Hale introduced in the first Act because Parris feels that such a clever man will put his village to rest. However, being a member of the church, Hale believes strongly in witchcraft and so it takes him a while to work out what is actually going on. When he eventually discovers the truth, the town has gone into hysteria, and with no official standing, he is powerless to stop it. In Act Three, he is treated by the court as a superfluous character.No-one wishes to listen to his point of view, and he holds no authority. Danforth is prominent in the court proceedings. He is only introduced in person in Act Three for the trials. His character is a very officious one. He is seemingly unconcerned by the fact that he is killing innocent people. He is just interested in following official court proceedings. He hates his trials being interrupted and so, he seeks to dismiss any inconvenient information likely to disrupt his foregone conclusions and therefore, ends up executing unfair trials. Hale notices this and is bitterly annoyed.The two of them have many arguments. In the arguments, they are always interrupting each other and shouting each other down. Each one of them always wants to get their point across first and though Hale has the more valid arguments, the fact that he has no power shows. Hale: â€Å"But this child claims the girls are not truthful, and if they are not – † Danforth: â€Å"That is precisely what I am about to consider, sir. What more may you ask of me? Unless you doubt my probity? † Hale [defeated]: â€Å"I surely do not. Sir. †¦Ã¢â‚¬  There are many examples of dramatic techniques that are used in this section.One can see how Danforth interrupts Hale. He also asks Hale rhetorical questions. He knows Hale cannot express his doubts about him in court without the likelihood that Danforth would try him for contempt. Hale knows that ultimately Danforth is in power. Additionally, Hale makes his final remark in a ‘[defeated]’ way realising there is no point in his arguing any further. Elizabeth Proctor and Abigail Williams have a very indirect rivalry. They don’t have any face-to-face arguments, but they talk about each other, or carry out actions to hurt the other.As already noted, Elizabeth’s husband previously had an affair with Abigail. Naturally she is bitter and possibly jealous of the girl. But that is not shown in the play. Abigail’s hatred for Elizabeth is a lot clearer. She accuses Elizabeth Proctor of being a witch, and of harming her. When she sees Mary Warren, Elizabeth Proctor’s maid, putting a needle in a poppet she is going to give Elizabeth, Abigail stabs herself in the stomach just to get Elizabeth into trouble. This reveals her determination to be rid of Elizabeth. Giles Corey and Putnam have an enduring rivalry between.Their hatred for each other has been passed down through generations. Their disputes are always concerned with ownership of land. Giles: [over Proctor’s shoulder at Putnam]: â€Å"I’ll cut your throat, Putnam, I’ll kill you yet! † This quote shows Corey’s hatred for Putnam. The staging shows Corey was about to hit Putnam but Proctor restrains him. His exclamatory line says that Corey wants to kill Putnam. There is resentment between these characters because they can’t settle who owns what land. The dispute carries on into court and Corey is eventually tried for contempt of court.At the time in which ‘The Crucible’ was set if a man was condemned to death by law his family had no rights to his possessions. As Giles was a learned man, who had been to court many times, he knew that if he was pressed to death without pleading innocent or guilty, the trial would not have been complete. This would prevent his land from being taken from his family by Putnam. So, when he is having stones laid upon him to try and force him to plead innocent or guilty, he says nothing but ‘more weight’ and consequently dies.So, although Giles Corey loses his life, he keeps his land in within his family and thus succeeds in his aim to prevent it falling into Putnam’s grasp. In conclusion, Arthur Miller’s play ‘The Crucible’ has many dramatic devices used throughout its duration, but these become particularly prominent in Act Three. They are very effective in conveying the sense of hatred and tension between many of the characters. There are clear parallels to the society in which Arthur Miller found himself and through the vehicle f the play he expresses his disagreement with the court procedures, adopted by McCarthyism, which were in many ways similar to the ‘Salem Witch Trials’. There was a huge amount of paranoia within 1950s Ameri can Government, causing members to believe that innumerable communist people were trying to undermine their political ideas and destroy the American way of life by introducing communism. This paranoia and obsession grew, leading Senator Joe McCarthy to pass laws to restrict the activities of communists. This led to trials which resembled in many aspects the witch hunts which proceeded in Salem.Indeed the McCarthy era trials came to be known as ‘witch hunts’. Highly visible investigations were conducted with much publicity, supposedly to uncover subversive political activity and disloyalty, however, they were really to harass and weaken the entire political opposition. The witch hunts in ‘The Crucible’ were similar in that they were also corrupt and weren’t really used to search for witches, but to accuse innocent people within Salem for ulterior motives, e. g. long-standing rivalries and feuds. Although set in the past, Arthur Miller’s play is a poignant reflection on the times in which he lived. How to cite The Crucible – Rivalries Exposed in Act Three, Papers

Corporate Social Responsibility Legal Anthropology

Question: Discuss about the Corporate Social Responsibility for Legal Anthropology. Answer: Introduction Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is identified as an integral part of a companys operation. Haalboom (2012) mentioned that, most of the organizations all over the world have struggled to find out the practical implication of CSR. In this assignment, a CSR audit has been conducted for the company BHP Billiton. It is Anglo-Australian Multinational mining company founded in the year of 1885 (Fisher Grant, 2012). The company has revenue of A$ 61.2 billion in 2015. The company operates of processing, mining and oil and gas production operation in more than 25 countries. The company has donated 1% of the pre-tax profit in community programs for the last three year. The company has provided US$ 241.7 million for community donations. It includes US$ 100 million contribution by the BHP Billiton corporate entitles. Detail scope of engagement In order to conduct the CSR audit, the communication auditor has been provided some specific instructions. At first, it is required to analyze the current understanding of CSR. In order to do that, it is required to refer to academic literature and industry standards. Then it is required find out CSR commitment of the company BHP by carrying out some investigations. In order to do that, it is required to find out the CSR claims embedded in the vision and strategic documentation of BHP. Then it is required to analyze whether all the claims (actions arising from BHPS governance and performance documents) are measurable or not. Then it is required to analyze whether the company can demonstrate positive impact of its CSR policy or not. After that the communication auditor needs to find out the discrepancies between communicated intention and the corporate practices. Depending on the discrepancies it is required to provide some recommendation for the company BHP to improve its CSR policie s. Critical analysis of the current understanding about CSR As Mayes Pini and McDonald (2013) stated that Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) has emerged as a global trend in various countries. There are various policies; CSR perspective and culture have been developed to manage responsibility of various organizations. It has been found that scope of various management theories are growing and theories of CSR are changing over time. As Hilson (2012) mentioned that, CSR can be defined as the bridge of connection between ecology, social community and the corporate world. According to Bice (2015), CSR is the concept whereby companies integrate social and environmental concern in their business operations in their interaction with their stakeholders on a voluntary basis. On the other hand, (Fisher Grant, 2012) argued that CSR is not only a mean to fulfill legal expectations and governmental policies. It also includes concerns related with society development, harmonious ecology, environment and human capital. It has been found that Corporate S ocial Responsibility has common ground with sustainable development, hence they are always associated. Theoretical Framework (perspective of CSR) The concept of CSR emerged in during 1970s. It started to gain high profile drastically during 1990s. According to Andrew et al. (2012), CSR is all about how a company allocates its value to manage the behaviour and expectations of suppliers, stakeholders, employees, government regulators and social communities. Major CSR issues are such as stakeholder engagement, community relations, human rights, governance, labor standards, environmental engagement and social equity (Bluszcz Kijewska, 2015). There are many scholars have developed research works related with CSR in the area of management. It has been found that managers are the initial driver and CSR is utilized as the management concept in the area of enterprise. According to Fisher and Grant (2012), working with CSR indicates the perspective of being responsible to the society. In the figure given below, the CSR map for an organization has been analyzed. Figure 1: CSR map for an organization (Source: Lanis Richardson, 2012) It has been found that the goal of the organization is to improve long term sustainability and profitability. The goal of economy is to increase sustainable economic development related activities (Lii Lee, 2012). It has been found that, a company has to meet some responsibilities to its stakeholders. The stakeholders include customers, society, employees, local community and investors. An organization can provide value to its customers by improving quality of products and services and reduce price of products. Bice (2014) mentioned that values for employees can be increased by improving health safety and labor standards. Engagement in community activities like donations can improve value for local community. Enhancing business ethic, protecting human rights and environments can improve value for the society (Kirschke, 2014). On the other hand transparency and accountability can improve CSR value for the investors of the organization. National Responsible Competitiveness Standing in the era of national economy development, CSR is referred as the concept to enhance national economic competitiveness. Guidance for the progression of the sustainable future can be provided by the National responsible competitiveness. It provides a cooperative analysis of the national responsible competitiveness for a huge group of countries (Bisley Coyne, 2015). In accordance to the Sate of Responsible Competitive Index, Sweden is recognized as the most responsibly competitive country (Dashwood, 2014). This nation has strong urge for sustainable development. On the other hand, China utilizes international sustainability standards as a soft power to improve responsible competitiveness of all operating organizations in this country. It indicates that the Chinese Governments and Chinese organizations al already aware about the dynamics of responsible competitiveness. C-SR Model For various theories it has been found that CSR is a part of company management that has significant impact on the outcome of the corporate performance of an organization. As Wang Li and Gao (2014) stated that, measuring Corporate social performance (CSP) of an organization can help to analyze the CSR behavior of an organization. Meehan (2006) had provided a model to analyze the competitive strategy of an organization depending on social resources that provides triple bottom line benefits to an organization. It is known as3C-SR Model. Figure 2: 3C-SR Model (Source: Kirsch, 2014) Examining the CSR commitment of BHP Identification of the CSR claims embedded in the BHPs vision and strategic documents In terms of market capitalism, BHP Billiton is termed as the worlds third largest organization. It is a global mining, gas and oil organization that has headquarters in Melbourne. As Bisley and Coyne (2015) stated that the organization operates in more than 25 countries. It has more than 41,000 employees. BHP billion strives to develop long-term value with the help of discovery. The vision statement of the company is development and conversion of natural resources and the provisions of innovative. According to Lanis and Richardson (2012), the companies always try to develop market-focused and customer focused solutions in order to improve value for customers (CSR value). The major strategy of the organization to invest in world class, low cost and export related operations that reflect diversification across the market of different geographic regions. As Mayes (2015) stated that, it is the objective of the company to create sustainable value for their employees, contractors, shareholders, business partners and customers. The company aspires to cause zero harm to people, environment and its host communities and tries to achieve sustainable industry practices. The company is actively involved in CSR practices stating that Community programs are operating at four levels across the company- local, provincial or regional, national and global. The majority of the efforts occur locally at our operations where our businesses implement programs to develop and support the communities close to us and across the business, our business is to make positive contribution to the people to our host communities. Measuring the claims of BHP Figure 3: CSR rating for BHP (Source: Bluszcz Kijewska, 2015) It has been found that, allover CSR rating of the company is 62% in comparison to all global companies. This CSR rating for the company is constant for the last two years (2014-2016) (Lodhia Hess, 2014). The community rating is 58%, environment rating is 64%, employee rating 64% and the governance rating is 62% for the organization BHP Billiton (Bluszcz Kijewska, 2015). Coal mining involvement is a special issue that has affected the CSR rating for the company. Figure 3: History of CSR rating for BHP (Source: Dashwood, 2014) There is a table given below to mention the Corporate Social Responsibility requirements identified by the company BHP. Category Needs/ Requirements Child labor According to Bluszcz and Kijewska (2015), children cannot be hired at workplace before the completing their compulsory education. The minimum age to enter into the employment must not be lower than 15 years. Compulsory or forced labor The supplier of the company BHP makes sure that there is no bonded, forced or involuntary labor is associated with the company operation. Treatment towards employees The company has developed a working environment where all employees are treated with respect and dignity. It has been found that there is no sexual, verbal and physical abuse tolerated in the working environment of BHP. Wages Wages and benefits are provided to employees depending on the job standard. The minimum wage of the company is higher than the amount mentioned in the national legal standards or local industry benchmarks. In the states where no such standard exist, the company has to develop a wage standard that can meet the requirements living for the employees and their dependants. Health and Safety at workplace The company has taken appropriate precautionary measures in order to protect workers from work related hazards. All the workers are provided health and safety training in accordance to the requirements of the jobs. The company has provided clean, healthy, safe and specious work environment to the employees (Dashwood, 2014). All the safety policies of the organization comply with the HSEC Group Level documents. Freedom of Association The suppliers of the company have to adopt an open attitude to manage the legitimate activities of the trade unions. Protection World Heritage Sites The company has to make sure that none of the sources should be gathered from World Heritage listed sites or International Union for conservation of Nature Protected Areas. Corporate Social Responsibility requirements of BHP (Source: Bluszcz Kijewska, 2015) Examining whether BHP can demonstrate positive impact on the CSR policy It has been found from various research works and industrial analysis that the company BHP has demonstrated positive impact of the CSR policy by creating various foundations to help local communities: The company has developed BHP Billiton SEWA Society in India during the year of 2005 (Bluszcz Kijewska, 2015). It is also known as BHP Billiton India development Foundation. This foundation was developed to invest in the social and human resource capabilities in India. Special focus was given to various states of India like Orissa, Jhar Khand, Chhattisgarh and Andhra Pradesh. It provides attention in the sectors of health, education and rural development (Dashwood, 2014). BHP has developed The Minera Escondida Foundation to provide contribution to improve the quality of the life standard of low income people of Chile. The organization has developed The Tintaya Foundation in Peru. It is an independent non-profit company which was developed to support the Tintaya Copper operation (Bisley Coyne, 2015). The main objective of this foundation is to improve and promote participation and self-management process within the community of Tintayas areas of influence. It has high contribution in the sustainable development of this area. The organization has developed the Montelibano Educational Foundation in Colombia. As Bisley and Coyne (2015) stated that this foundation is mainly trying to focus on the educational provision for Cerro Matoso employees and their families. It also helps the needy students to find out shelter from the surrounding communities. Assessing the discrepancies between communicated intention and corporate practices of BHP Despite of several positive intentions taken by the company BHP, there are some discrepancies have been found between the communicated intention and the corporate practices of the company. As mentioned that, since the starting of the industrial age, the company BHP is listed as one of the 90 companies that extract and market fossil fuel that are responsible for 66% of the global Greenhouse gas emissions. It is ranked as the 19th largest corporate polluter all over the world (Lodhia Hess, 2014). Although the company has voluntarily reporting about direct GHG emissions since 1996, the company has been criticized for lobbying against carbon pricing in Australia (Bisley Coyne, 2015). On 5th November 2015, a flood occurred from a dam that holds waste water of an iron ore mine owned by BHP Billiton. A village was flooded and there were more than 17 people died during the flood. There were more than 50 peoples get injured and it caused enormous environmental damage. It had been termed as the biggest environmental disasters occur in the history of Brazil (Bisley Coyne, 2015). Recommendations to improve CSR policies of BHP In order to solve CSR related issues, there are some recommendations have been provided for the company BHP. They are mentioned below: 1. The company has to develop renewable energy sources in order to generate electricity. 2. BHP Billiton has to use economic instrument to control emissions of Green House Gas. The economic instrument includes emission fees that give permission to the company to achieve lower environmental costs. 3. It is required by the mining company to implement extra measures of energy efficiency. It also needs to take some initiatives to minimize non energy emission like methane emission from the site of landfills. 4. The company needs to invest more in the research works in order to estimate the environmental changes more correctly. 5. The company has to instruct its suppliers to eliminate child labor. The company also has to spread equal labor rights throughout the sub contracted operations. It has been found that many mining companies cut down labor expenses by employing workers with low wages. This problem can be sorted out by developing appropriate rules and regulations related with child rights. 6. The company has to take care of the working environment of the organization. It is required to develop such a working atmosphere where all employees are treated with respect and dignity. 7. BHP has to provide clear and safe working condition to the employees and need to provide safeguarding against any kind hazard and problem they face during their work. 8. The company BHP has to team up with other parts of the society like local governments and Trade unions to make sure that the incentives and wages are given to the employees are based on the minimum national and legal standards. Conclusion In this assignment a CSR audit has been developed for the company BHP. The theoretical approaches related with CSR have been discussed in this report in order to understand the concept of CSR properly. The CSR responsibility for the company has been measured and it has been demonstrated how the CSR policies of the company can spread positive impact on the community. The discrepancies of the CSR polices have also been analyzed in report. Depending on the discrepancies some recommendations have been provided to the company for future improvement of CSR policies. Reference list Andrew, N., Wickham, M., O'Donohue, W., Danzinger, F. (2012). 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